E current recommendations arise from limited and of relative poor quality evidence. Accordingly, most of these recommendations are graded IIa (that is, uncertain benefit over risk) with a level of evidence mostly C (that is, arising from experts' consensus or small studies or observational registries). We suggest a practical summary of the mostly accepted recommendations, as presented in Table 3.Abbreviations AF: Atrial fibrillation; OAC: Oral anticoagulation; VKA: Vitamin K antagonists; DAPT: Dual anti-platelet treatment; TT: Triple antithrombotic therapy; PCIS: Percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation; DES: Drug eluting stent; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; ACC: American College of Cardiology; AHA: American Heart Association; ESC: European Society of Cardiology. PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21715270 Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Author details 1 Interventional Cardiology, S. Maria Nuova Hospital; Viale Risorgimento, 80 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy. 2Division of Cardiology Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Maggiore HospitalLargo Nigrisoli, 2 ?40133 Bologna, Italy. 3 Regional Agency for Health and Social Care, Viale Aldo Moro, 21 - 40127 Bologna, Italy. Received: 31 July 2012 Accepted: 9 October 2012 Published: 18 October 2012 References 1. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, et al: Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. The Task Force for the Management of Atrial FibrillationConclusions In accordance with the currently available evidence, management recommendations of patients with AF undergoingMenozzi et al. Thrombosis Journal 2012, 10:22 http://www.thrombosisjournal.com/content/10/1/Page 10 of2.3.4. 5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010, 31:2369?429. Lip GY, Huber K, Andreotti F, et al: Management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention/ stenting. A Consensus Document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, endorsed by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Thromb Haemost 2010, 103:13?8. Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012, 141(2)(Suppl):7S?7S Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al: Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2010, 31:2501?555. Rubboli A, Colletta M, Valencia J, et al: Periprocedural Management and In-Hospital Outcome oftert-Butyl 3-Chloro-5-cyclopropylpyridine3-Chloro-5-cyclopropylpyridine (7-bromoheptyl)carbamate J Interven Cardiol 2009, 22:390?97. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, ACTIVE Writing PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15556145 Group of the ACTIVE Investigators, et al: Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006, 367:1903?912. Rubboli A, Milandri M, Castelvetri C, Cosmi B: Meta-analysis of trials comparing oral anticoagulation and aspirin versus dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting. Clues for the management of patients with an indication for long-term anticoagulation undergoing.